Only the eagle-eyed will spot a fake... (Filed: 28/01/2004 Daily Telegraph UK)

Natural history filmmakers should be allowed to manipulate images but not distort the truth, says David Attenborough
Do natural history programmes on television distort reality? Of course they do. Go for a walk in a tropical rainforest after watching a programme about one and you will be in no doubt of that. On television, all kinds of animals appeared continuously all over the place. In reality, you may be lucky to see a single bird or monkey.

But are there distortions that are more serious than that? Does it matter that a programme about the life of a polar bear, filmed for the most part in the Arctic, includes shots of a mother bear giving birth that were taken in a zoo - and that the commentary did not say so?
That depends on the programme. If the programme claimed to be recording the actual adventures of an Arctic explorer then that would clearly be wrong. But if its aim was to document the life history of the polar bear then I believe that could be acceptable. Filming a polar bear birth in the wild is virtually impossible. Trying to do so might well endanger the lives of both the cameraman and the cub, were the mother to be disturbed. So the only way to include shots of that crucial event in a bear's life is to film it in captivity.

Is it acceptable - on occasion - to use film to suggest that something happened which did not? Sometimes it is. That swoop by a peregrine falcon did not, in fact, result in the death of a grouse. The puff of feathers rising into the sky was thrown into the air by one of the film crew. With such a shot at his disposal the skillful film editor was able to create a sequence representing a successful peregrine hunt - without it costing the life of a bird.

But such stagings must be done with care. Sometimes, a film shows an event that not only did not take place on that occasion, but has never happened - ever. The most notorious example comes not from television but from the cinema. Producers working for Disney in the years when the organisation regularly produced natural history documentaries, made a film about the Arctic. Its highlight was a sequence featuring lemmings. Every few years, according to a widely-believed story, lemming numbers increase to such an extent that the animals, swarming over the tundra, eventually deliberately commit suicide by swimming out to sea and drowning themselves .

So the Disney film team working in northern Canada paid local children to collect live lemmings. A few dozen were then taken down to an enclosure on the banks of a river and filmed in such a way that the few dozen appeared to be a plague. They were then chivvied until they came to the edge of a river bank and tumbled over it into the water. And the filmmakers had their sequence.

But two things were wrong. First the lemmings that gave rise to the story were not Canadian ones but a quite different species that occurs in Scandinavia. And second the story is, in any case, a myth. Populations of Scandinavian lemmings in some years, do vastly increase in numbers. And then they do indeed start searching for food with such desperation that they will occasionally swim across rivers. But they don't commit suicide at sea. None the less, the film gave such a convincing portrayal of the story that many still believe it - on this evidence alone.

The need for such tricks has, over the years, become less and less. Lenses have become more powerful. The large film cameras driven by clockwork that we had to use a few decades ago have been replaced by electronic cameras, some no bigger than a lipstick that can be strapped to an eagle's back or lowered down a mouse-hole. We can now, with infrared light, record what goes on in what appears to both animals and ourselves to be total darkness.

But, paradoxically, these huge advances in our ability to record reality have coincided with other developments that enable us to falsify more convincingly than ever. Just as computer imaging can bring long-extinct dinosaurs back to life, so the same techniques could also make living animals appear to do things that a cameraman failed to film in reality - maybe because he was unlucky or because, in spite of what some book said, the animal in fact never behaves that way.

We can now combine pictures so perfectly that a natural history presenter could appear to be crouching within a yard of a ferocious animal that he has never ever seen. That has not happened yet - as far as I know. It would be nice to say that if you or I looked closely enough we could spot it. But electronic techniques are now so ingenious that such deceptions could be almost undetectable.

In these circumstances, television producers and the organisations which transmit their work have to guard their reputations for honesty with greater care than ever. The BBC Natural History Unit already has a code governing the treatment of animals during filming. The welfare of the subject is more important than the success of the film.

There should be no lighting that makes it easier for one animal to hunt another. It also lays down rules about deceptions. Telling the story of an animal identified as an individual but using shots of several is now impermissible. Other tricks and techniques we have used in the past, no matter how well-intentioned, are no longer acceptable.

And quite right too. The natural world contains enough astonishments. Who would believe that spiders throw silken lassoes at their prey, that dolphins work in well-drilled teams to drive fish up on to a mud bank, that baby shrews dance the conga with their mother in the lead to make sure they don't get lost.

"But we saw that in a programme the other night" some will say. Let's not get to the stage when someone else can reply, "You don't want to believe what you see on the telly - even in natural history programmes."

As filmmakers trying to illuminate the natural world, we must be allowed to manipulate images and use all the devices that recent technological advances have given us. But we must also recognise our responsibilities to scientific truth. The events and the creatures we chronicle are more than just entertainment that can be jazzed up to taste.